Badness in is particular. More than anything else we live in Jakarta, which can be conceived of by life center. Don't our of goodwill, have ugly intention do not close possibility of us protected from badness.
and.... why having to karate???
hmmmm,,, Many reason if we like to pare completely of that question. But I will answer according to assessment of me. ." Insya Allah with karate which I follow, I earn stay empty-handed even if, without weapon with biggest strength the protecting is Allah of SWT,,Amiiiin"
I cite a few sentence a Karateka world " Mas Oyama" he is my second peer after my Coach of Ir. Putu Irin Genta, MCH,SH,MM. . . giving me many experience about karate.
" Can I become strength with me insuffiency?
Yes! with all lacking of which in owning, one would exercise karate to become energetic and healthy. With arming strong desire to defeat existing insuffiency and exercise to ossify which enough, that man will SUCCEED!!!"
Kamis, 29 Oktober 2009
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
A company often becomes involved in international trade by exchanging goods or services with another country-importing raw materials it may need for production or exporting finished products to a foreign market. Establishing these trade relationships is the first step in the development of a multinational business. At this stage, however the corporation’s emphasis is still on the domestic market. As trade expands, the corporation’s dealing with companies or people outside the “home country” of that corporation increase.
The corporation then begins to view the whole world as a base for production and marketing operations. The next step in the development of a multinational business is focusing on the world market. The company may establish a foreign assembly plant, engage in contract manufacturing, or build a foreign manufacturing company or subsidiary. Therefore, a multinational corporation is a company that is primarily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.
Since World War II, multinational corporations have grown rapidly. The names and products of many of the multinational have become well-known in the world marketplace: International Business Machines (IBM), Royal Dutch Shell, Panasonic, Coca-Cola, and Volkwagen. Coca-Cola, for example, now has operations in more then 180 countries.
A multinational corporation operates in a complex business environment. Cultural, social, economic, political, and technological system vary from country to country. In order to operate successfully, a multinational company needs a basic understanding and appreciation of the foreign business environment.
Comprehension
A. Answer the following questions about multinationals. Questions with asteris (*) cannot be answered directly from the text.
1. What is the first step in the development of a multinational business?
2. Where is the comapany’s emphasis when it is simply trading with other countries?
3. What market does a multinational corporation focus on?
4. A company may establish its manufacturing operations in foreign countries? What are three forms that these operations may take?
5. What is a multinational corporation?
6 When have multinationals grown rapidly? *Why do you think they have experienced this period of rapid growth?
7. *What are some products that are produced by the following multinational corporations: IBM, Coca-Cola, Panasonic, Shell, and Volkswagen?
8. *Why does a multinational corporation operate in a more complex business environment than a domestic company?
9. *What are some of the social and political factors that can vary from country to country?
10. Why does a multinational corporation need a basic understanding of foreign business environments? *How can a multinational gain this understanding?
Answer:
A. 1. The first step (it) is establishing the trade relationship with another country.
2. The companies emphasis (it) is still on the domestic market.
3. A multinational corporation (it) focuses on the world market.
4. The three forms (they) are: It may establish a foreign assembly plant, engage in contract manufacturing, and build a foreign manufacturing company or a subsidiary.
5. A multinational corporation (it) is a company that is primary based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.
6. Multinationals (they) have grown rapidly since World War II. Because during the war many countries knew what recurces are scarce or abundant in other countries.
7. IBM: International Business Machines, Royal Dutch Shell oil, Panasonic electronic, Coca-Cola softdrink, Volkswagen automobiles.
8. Because a multinational corporation focuses on the world market, and each country has its own system: culturally, economically, politically and technologically. Where as a domestic company only operates in one country which its system its already familiar.
9. Socially: In Japan life time employment system is applied, where as in Indonesia contract system employment is used.
Politically: Thailand is monarchism, Indonesia is democratic.
10. In order to operate successfully. This understanding can be gained through market research.
B. Determine which of the following statement are true and which are false. Then put T
or F in the blanks. Rewrite false statements to make them true.
1. T Multinaltional corporations have grown rapidly since 1945.
2. F Any company engaged in international trade is a multinational business.
3. T In order to operate successfully, a multinational company needs to be aware of national and international business environments
4. F A multinational corporation focuses on its “home country,” or domestic market.
5. F A multinational company does not establish factories in foreign countries.
Vocabulary Exercises
A.Write down any terms that you did not understand in the reading. Find each term in the reading, look at its context, and try to figure out the meaning. Discuss these terms with your classmates.
B.Look at the terms in the left-hand colomn and find the correct synonyms or definiti-
Ons in the right-hand colomn. Copy the corresponding letters in the blanks.
1. j corporation (line 5) a. chiefly; principally
2. e expand (line 6) b. function in; work in
3. g view (line 8) c. change
4. i stage (line 5) d. a company having more than half of its stock
owned by another company
5. a primarily (line 13) e. increase the dimensions of
6. h base (line 8) f. growth; expansion
7. c vary (line 21) g. see; look at
8. d subsidiary (line 21) h. foundation
9. b operate in (line 20) i. a step in development
10.f development (line 4) j. a type of business organization formed by an
association of stockholders
C.Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with the most appropriate terms form the
list.
base operate in appreciation of expands
vary corporation development subsidiary
staged involved in view relationship
During the development of a corporation, the organizational structure may vary over time and pass through a number of stages . As the corporation grows, it expands its operations. It might become involved in setting up a subsidiary . Although the corporation still has a primary or “home base ,” establishment of a subsidiary allow the company to enter into new relationship with a view toward increasing its production and marketing capabilities.
Text Analysis
Look at the reading to answer these questions.
1.What does each of the following refer to?
LINES WORDS REFERENTS
2 it a company
5 this stage first step
17 IBM International Business Machine
2.Match the connective words or phrases with the appropriate functions.
c however (line 5) a. summarizing
d then (line 8) b. illustrating
a therefore (line 12) c. contrasting
b for example (line 18) d. sequencing information
3.Summarize the two general steps in the development of a multinational corporation.
a. establishing these trade relationship. (line 3-5)
b. focusing on the world market. (line 8-10)
4.Sometimes the definition of a term takes this form:
a controls the
A restrictive trade law → is → law → that → number of goods
imported or exported
that
term being defined → verb to be → class→ which → definition
This type of definition is known as a formal definition. In a formal definition the term or word being defined occurs first. It is followed by the verb to be (usually is ar are). Next the class states the general group that the term belongs to:
TERMS CLASSES
multinational corporation company
typewriter business machine
absolute advantage theory of specialization
After the class, either that or which is used. Finally, the definition itself includes information distinguishing this term other members of its class.
Write formal definitions for multinational corporation (page 56), corporation (page 57), and subsidiary (page 57).
a. A multinational corporation is a company that is primatily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.
b.
c.
5.Formal definitions may be shortened to a more general form, which includes less information. This is often called a semiformal definition. The class, that or which, and the verb to be are omitted.
A restrictive trade law → controls → the number of goods imported or exported
Term being defined → verb → definition
Change the formal definition from the previous exercise into semiformal definitions.
a A multinational corporation is primatily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.
b.
c.
TENSES
Pr – Present; Ps-Past; S-Simple; C-Continuous; F-Future; Pf-Perfect
1. Pr.S - He writes many letters everyday. (habitual action)
2. Ps.S - He wrote m.1 yesterday. (occurred in the past)
3. Pr.C - It is writing m.1 now. (is occurring right now)
4. Ps.C - He was writing m.1 when it rained yesterday. (two actions in the
past).
5. Pr.F - He will write m.1 tomorrow. (will happen in the future).
6. Ps.F - He would write m.1 yesterday, but he didn’t have time.
7. Pr.Pf - He has written m.1 already (has just happened now).
8. Ps.Pf - He had written m.1 when it rained yesterday. (two actions in the past)
9. Pr.Fc - He will be writing m.1 when you visit him tomorrow. (in the future)
10.Ps.Fc - He would be writing m.1 when you visited him yesterday. (in the past)
11.Pr.FPf - He will have written m.1 when you come tomorrow (in the future)
12.Ps.FPf - He would have written m.1 when you come yesterday. (in the past)
13.Pr.Pfc - He has been writing m.1 for two days until now. (continuosly from past
until now).
14.Ps.Pfc - He had been writting m.1 for two days until yesterday (continuosly
from past to past)
15.Pr.Fpf.C - He will have been writing m.1 for two days will tomorrow. (until in the
future)
16.Pr.F.Pfc - He would have been writing m.1 for two days until yesterday. (until in
the past)
The corporation then begins to view the whole world as a base for production and marketing operations. The next step in the development of a multinational business is focusing on the world market. The company may establish a foreign assembly plant, engage in contract manufacturing, or build a foreign manufacturing company or subsidiary. Therefore, a multinational corporation is a company that is primarily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.
Since World War II, multinational corporations have grown rapidly. The names and products of many of the multinational have become well-known in the world marketplace: International Business Machines (IBM), Royal Dutch Shell, Panasonic, Coca-Cola, and Volkwagen. Coca-Cola, for example, now has operations in more then 180 countries.
A multinational corporation operates in a complex business environment. Cultural, social, economic, political, and technological system vary from country to country. In order to operate successfully, a multinational company needs a basic understanding and appreciation of the foreign business environment.
Comprehension
A. Answer the following questions about multinationals. Questions with asteris (*) cannot be answered directly from the text.
1. What is the first step in the development of a multinational business?
2. Where is the comapany’s emphasis when it is simply trading with other countries?
3. What market does a multinational corporation focus on?
4. A company may establish its manufacturing operations in foreign countries? What are three forms that these operations may take?
5. What is a multinational corporation?
6 When have multinationals grown rapidly? *Why do you think they have experienced this period of rapid growth?
7. *What are some products that are produced by the following multinational corporations: IBM, Coca-Cola, Panasonic, Shell, and Volkswagen?
8. *Why does a multinational corporation operate in a more complex business environment than a domestic company?
9. *What are some of the social and political factors that can vary from country to country?
10. Why does a multinational corporation need a basic understanding of foreign business environments? *How can a multinational gain this understanding?
Answer:
A. 1. The first step (it) is establishing the trade relationship with another country.
2. The companies emphasis (it) is still on the domestic market.
3. A multinational corporation (it) focuses on the world market.
4. The three forms (they) are: It may establish a foreign assembly plant, engage in contract manufacturing, and build a foreign manufacturing company or a subsidiary.
5. A multinational corporation (it) is a company that is primary based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.
6. Multinationals (they) have grown rapidly since World War II. Because during the war many countries knew what recurces are scarce or abundant in other countries.
7. IBM: International Business Machines, Royal Dutch Shell oil, Panasonic electronic, Coca-Cola softdrink, Volkswagen automobiles.
8. Because a multinational corporation focuses on the world market, and each country has its own system: culturally, economically, politically and technologically. Where as a domestic company only operates in one country which its system its already familiar.
9. Socially: In Japan life time employment system is applied, where as in Indonesia contract system employment is used.
Politically: Thailand is monarchism, Indonesia is democratic.
10. In order to operate successfully. This understanding can be gained through market research.
B. Determine which of the following statement are true and which are false. Then put T
or F in the blanks. Rewrite false statements to make them true.
1. T Multinaltional corporations have grown rapidly since 1945.
2. F Any company engaged in international trade is a multinational business.
3. T In order to operate successfully, a multinational company needs to be aware of national and international business environments
4. F A multinational corporation focuses on its “home country,” or domestic market.
5. F A multinational company does not establish factories in foreign countries.
Vocabulary Exercises
A.Write down any terms that you did not understand in the reading. Find each term in the reading, look at its context, and try to figure out the meaning. Discuss these terms with your classmates.
B.Look at the terms in the left-hand colomn and find the correct synonyms or definiti-
Ons in the right-hand colomn. Copy the corresponding letters in the blanks.
1. j corporation (line 5) a. chiefly; principally
2. e expand (line 6) b. function in; work in
3. g view (line 8) c. change
4. i stage (line 5) d. a company having more than half of its stock
owned by another company
5. a primarily (line 13) e. increase the dimensions of
6. h base (line 8) f. growth; expansion
7. c vary (line 21) g. see; look at
8. d subsidiary (line 21) h. foundation
9. b operate in (line 20) i. a step in development
10.f development (line 4) j. a type of business organization formed by an
association of stockholders
C.Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with the most appropriate terms form the
list.
base operate in appreciation of expands
vary corporation development subsidiary
staged involved in view relationship
During the development of a corporation, the organizational structure may vary over time and pass through a number of stages . As the corporation grows, it expands its operations. It might become involved in setting up a subsidiary . Although the corporation still has a primary or “home base ,” establishment of a subsidiary allow the company to enter into new relationship with a view toward increasing its production and marketing capabilities.
Text Analysis
Look at the reading to answer these questions.
1.What does each of the following refer to?
LINES WORDS REFERENTS
2 it a company
5 this stage first step
17 IBM International Business Machine
2.Match the connective words or phrases with the appropriate functions.
c however (line 5) a. summarizing
d then (line 8) b. illustrating
a therefore (line 12) c. contrasting
b for example (line 18) d. sequencing information
3.Summarize the two general steps in the development of a multinational corporation.
a. establishing these trade relationship. (line 3-5)
b. focusing on the world market. (line 8-10)
4.Sometimes the definition of a term takes this form:
a controls the
A restrictive trade law → is → law → that → number of goods
imported or exported
that
term being defined → verb to be → class→ which → definition
This type of definition is known as a formal definition. In a formal definition the term or word being defined occurs first. It is followed by the verb to be (usually is ar are). Next the class states the general group that the term belongs to:
TERMS CLASSES
multinational corporation company
typewriter business machine
absolute advantage theory of specialization
After the class, either that or which is used. Finally, the definition itself includes information distinguishing this term other members of its class.
Write formal definitions for multinational corporation (page 56), corporation (page 57), and subsidiary (page 57).
a. A multinational corporation is a company that is primatily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.
b.
c.
5.Formal definitions may be shortened to a more general form, which includes less information. This is often called a semiformal definition. The class, that or which, and the verb to be are omitted.
A restrictive trade law → controls → the number of goods imported or exported
Term being defined → verb → definition
Change the formal definition from the previous exercise into semiformal definitions.
a A multinational corporation is primatily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.
b.
c.
TENSES
Pr – Present; Ps-Past; S-Simple; C-Continuous; F-Future; Pf-Perfect
1. Pr.S - He writes many letters everyday. (habitual action)
2. Ps.S - He wrote m.1 yesterday. (occurred in the past)
3. Pr.C - It is writing m.1 now. (is occurring right now)
4. Ps.C - He was writing m.1 when it rained yesterday. (two actions in the
past).
5. Pr.F - He will write m.1 tomorrow. (will happen in the future).
6. Ps.F - He would write m.1 yesterday, but he didn’t have time.
7. Pr.Pf - He has written m.1 already (has just happened now).
8. Ps.Pf - He had written m.1 when it rained yesterday. (two actions in the past)
9. Pr.Fc - He will be writing m.1 when you visit him tomorrow. (in the future)
10.Ps.Fc - He would be writing m.1 when you visited him yesterday. (in the past)
11.Pr.FPf - He will have written m.1 when you come tomorrow (in the future)
12.Ps.FPf - He would have written m.1 when you come yesterday. (in the past)
13.Pr.Pfc - He has been writing m.1 for two days until now. (continuosly from past
until now).
14.Ps.Pfc - He had been writting m.1 for two days until yesterday (continuosly
from past to past)
15.Pr.Fpf.C - He will have been writing m.1 for two days will tomorrow. (until in the
future)
16.Pr.F.Pfc - He would have been writing m.1 for two days until yesterday. (until in
the past)
Rabu, 07 Oktober 2009
Tugas Hasil Pengamatan Sistem Informasi Warnet
Hasil Pengamatan Sistem Informasi Warnet
1. Input
Sever
Data- data Inputan pada server berupa User Name dan Password. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mengamankan data- data warnet dan hanya di ketahui oleh 2 Operator.
Client
Terdiri dari 10 komputer Client dan data- data yang harus di input ketika login sbb:
Login Personal:
• User Name
• Pilihan Waktu
Login Paket:
• User Name
• Pilihan Paket
2. Output
Server
Output pada server berupa lembar kerja excel yang sudah dirancang untuk laporan manual. Lalu menggunakan juga aplikasi Billing Explorer untuk memantau kegiatan client dan memberi laporan mulai waktu sampai keuangan. Aplikasi ini memiliki beberapa Tab, sbb:
• General: berisi nomor PC, User name client, Status aktif atau tidak, Waktu mulai, Durasi, Biaya, Jenis pemakaian, Discount, Total, Transaksi dan Sisa Account.
• Client connection: memperlihatkan koneksi client dengan Internet Server, apabila terhubung berwarna hijau dan jika tidak berwarna merah.
• Log message: Pada tab ini mencatat semua kegiatan komoputer client dari awal diaktifkan, dalam bentuk laporan yang terdiri dari: PC client, Nama User dan biaya.
• Explorer: Memperlihatkan jaringan client, yang ditandai jika sedang digunakan akan bergambar lampu jika tidak bergambar computer.
• Active client: menunjukkan mana saja computer yang active, printed, ready dan clear.
Client
Output yang keluar pada layar client berupa billing yang terhubung dengan server, terdiri dari:
Nomor PC client,Waktu Mulai,Durasi yang telah berjalan,Biaya,Total biaya dan Account.
3. Prosedur
Dalam hal ini apabila seorang client ingin menggunakan PC, harus mengkonfirmasikan terlebih dahulu ke operator server agar PC yang diinginkan diaktifkan sistemnya terutama billing. Lalu client diminta memasukkan User Name dan menentukan waktu berapa lama ia akan menggunakan melalui login billing client.
Lalu data tersebut secara otomatis akan terhubung pada aplikasi billing explorer pada computer server. Dalam hal pencatatan data, server juga menggunakan laporan manual menggunakan lembar kerja Excel yang sudah di desain hanya beberapa kolom saja yang diisi, tergantung jasa yang digunakan client.
4. Pelaku
Yang menjalankan system warnet ini terdiri dari 2 Operator dan masing- masing hanya memiliki satu user name dan password sebagai Admin.
5. Laporan
Laporan yang diberikan pada operator berupa laporan durasi waktu dari client, keuangan, banyaknya pelanggan dan jumlah pemakaian jasa lain seperti mengeprint, pembelian CD dll, yang setiap harinya tercatat dalam billing manual di Excel.
6. Cara Kerja Sistem
Ada 4 komponen utama yang terdapat pada suatu jaringan, yaitu sender (pengirim data informasi), protokol (yang meng-encode dan men-decode data informasi), media transmisi (medium transfer data), dan receiver (penerima data informasi).
Prinsip kerjanya, pertama-tama sender mengirim sinyal informasi menuju receiver melalui protokol encode yang mengubah sinyal digital menjadi sinyal analog kemudian sinyal melalui media transmisi dan melalui protokol kedua di decode kembali menjadi sinyal digital sebelum masuk ke receiver.
a. Berdasarkan distribusi sumber informasi/data
Jaringan terpusat
Jaringan ini terdiri dari komputer klient dan server yang mana komputer klient yang berfungsi sebagai perantara untuk mengakses sumber informasi/data yang berasal dari satu komputer server.
b. Berdasarkan jangkauan geografis dibedakan menjadi
Jaringan LAN
merupakan jaringan yang menghubungkan 2 komputer atau lebih dalam cakupan seperti laboratorium, kantor, serta dalam 1 warnet.
c. Berdasarkan peranan dan hubungan tiap komputer dalam memproses data
Jaringan Client-Server
Pada jaringan ini terdapat 1 atau beberapa komputer server dan komputer client. Komputer yang akan menjadi komputer server maupun menjadi komputer client dan diubah-ubah melalui software jaringan pada protokolnya. Komputer client sebagai perantara untuk dapat mengakses data pada komputer server sedangkan komputer server menyediakan informasi yang diperlukan oleh computer client
d. Berdasarkan media transmisi data
Jaringan Berkabel (Wired Network)
Pada jaringan ini, untuk menghubungkan satu komputer dengan komputer lain diperlukan penghubung berupa kabel jaringan. Kabel jaringan berfungsi dalam mengirim informasi dalam bentuk sinyal listrik antar komputer jaringan.
1. Input
Sever
Data- data Inputan pada server berupa User Name dan Password. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mengamankan data- data warnet dan hanya di ketahui oleh 2 Operator.
Client
Terdiri dari 10 komputer Client dan data- data yang harus di input ketika login sbb:
Login Personal:
• User Name
• Pilihan Waktu
Login Paket:
• User Name
• Pilihan Paket
2. Output
Server
Output pada server berupa lembar kerja excel yang sudah dirancang untuk laporan manual. Lalu menggunakan juga aplikasi Billing Explorer untuk memantau kegiatan client dan memberi laporan mulai waktu sampai keuangan. Aplikasi ini memiliki beberapa Tab, sbb:
• General: berisi nomor PC, User name client, Status aktif atau tidak, Waktu mulai, Durasi, Biaya, Jenis pemakaian, Discount, Total, Transaksi dan Sisa Account.
• Client connection: memperlihatkan koneksi client dengan Internet Server, apabila terhubung berwarna hijau dan jika tidak berwarna merah.
• Log message: Pada tab ini mencatat semua kegiatan komoputer client dari awal diaktifkan, dalam bentuk laporan yang terdiri dari: PC client, Nama User dan biaya.
• Explorer: Memperlihatkan jaringan client, yang ditandai jika sedang digunakan akan bergambar lampu jika tidak bergambar computer.
• Active client: menunjukkan mana saja computer yang active, printed, ready dan clear.
Client
Output yang keluar pada layar client berupa billing yang terhubung dengan server, terdiri dari:
Nomor PC client,Waktu Mulai,Durasi yang telah berjalan,Biaya,Total biaya dan Account.
3. Prosedur
Dalam hal ini apabila seorang client ingin menggunakan PC, harus mengkonfirmasikan terlebih dahulu ke operator server agar PC yang diinginkan diaktifkan sistemnya terutama billing. Lalu client diminta memasukkan User Name dan menentukan waktu berapa lama ia akan menggunakan melalui login billing client.
Lalu data tersebut secara otomatis akan terhubung pada aplikasi billing explorer pada computer server. Dalam hal pencatatan data, server juga menggunakan laporan manual menggunakan lembar kerja Excel yang sudah di desain hanya beberapa kolom saja yang diisi, tergantung jasa yang digunakan client.
4. Pelaku
Yang menjalankan system warnet ini terdiri dari 2 Operator dan masing- masing hanya memiliki satu user name dan password sebagai Admin.
5. Laporan
Laporan yang diberikan pada operator berupa laporan durasi waktu dari client, keuangan, banyaknya pelanggan dan jumlah pemakaian jasa lain seperti mengeprint, pembelian CD dll, yang setiap harinya tercatat dalam billing manual di Excel.
6. Cara Kerja Sistem
Ada 4 komponen utama yang terdapat pada suatu jaringan, yaitu sender (pengirim data informasi), protokol (yang meng-encode dan men-decode data informasi), media transmisi (medium transfer data), dan receiver (penerima data informasi).
Prinsip kerjanya, pertama-tama sender mengirim sinyal informasi menuju receiver melalui protokol encode yang mengubah sinyal digital menjadi sinyal analog kemudian sinyal melalui media transmisi dan melalui protokol kedua di decode kembali menjadi sinyal digital sebelum masuk ke receiver.
a. Berdasarkan distribusi sumber informasi/data
Jaringan terpusat
Jaringan ini terdiri dari komputer klient dan server yang mana komputer klient yang berfungsi sebagai perantara untuk mengakses sumber informasi/data yang berasal dari satu komputer server.
b. Berdasarkan jangkauan geografis dibedakan menjadi
Jaringan LAN
merupakan jaringan yang menghubungkan 2 komputer atau lebih dalam cakupan seperti laboratorium, kantor, serta dalam 1 warnet.
c. Berdasarkan peranan dan hubungan tiap komputer dalam memproses data
Jaringan Client-Server
Pada jaringan ini terdapat 1 atau beberapa komputer server dan komputer client. Komputer yang akan menjadi komputer server maupun menjadi komputer client dan diubah-ubah melalui software jaringan pada protokolnya. Komputer client sebagai perantara untuk dapat mengakses data pada komputer server sedangkan komputer server menyediakan informasi yang diperlukan oleh computer client
d. Berdasarkan media transmisi data
Jaringan Berkabel (Wired Network)
Pada jaringan ini, untuk menghubungkan satu komputer dengan komputer lain diperlukan penghubung berupa kabel jaringan. Kabel jaringan berfungsi dalam mengirim informasi dalam bentuk sinyal listrik antar komputer jaringan.
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